Summery
Preamble
The association is ENVENARO initiator of an afforestation project in Egypt.
The aim should be to pre-desert soils with wastewater aufzuforsten plantations. It will be delivered the proof that it is possible to arid soils, the use of organically enriched water, build a sustainable forestry and sustainable economic activities. There are appropriate methods with the aid of technical equipment such as pumps, irrigation systems, such as drops, or strand-flow irrigation to choose. Next, certain farming practices are found, what a mixed cultural rearing possible in the way that those without impairment of different varieties of plants grow, which are characterized by strong growth and high wood quality, and a high harvest volumes reflects. To create a sustainable, economically profitable and high quality Forestry qualitätsseitig to achieve, it is more important that reliable staff will be trained.
Flora
The natural vegetation is due to inadequate rainfall and the intensive agricultural use of the Nile valley is highly restricted. The desert vegetation is almost completely, isolated growing tamarisk, acacia and thorn bushes in the desert steppe grasses and Hart, along the Nilufer grouped Nilakazien, date palms, Maulbeerfeigen and carob trees and imported Kasuarinen. Typical of the Nile Delta are lotus trees, bamboo and reed plants, which in ancient cultivated here Papyrus perennials, there are hardly any.
The economy of Egypt
The liberal economic policy under President Sadat introduced in the 70s to a loosening of the previously largely socialist planned economy of Egypt and the opening to the outside. Although Egypt is today South Africa is the most industrialized country in Africa, but agriculture is still an important foundation of the economy. The main sources of Egypt are the proceeds from oil exports and use of the Suez Canal and remittances and tourism.
Agriculture
The agricultural land (about 3% of the state space) is limited to the Nile Valley and the Nile Delta and some oases limited. The peasants (Chen Fella) cultivate the land with partly millennia old cultivation and irrigation methods. It was the agricultural cultivation of a subsistence to an export orientation has changed, so that relatively less typical foods such as millet, beans and cabbage harvested. To the rapidly growing population to feed large quantities must be imported - in 1980 were over 5 million tonnes of wheat from abroad, this is three times as much, as in Egypt itself have been grown. This situation will not end so quickly, as Egypt already up on the land for farming until barely even is unusable, they are very arid and contain little water sources for irrigation. The Aswan Dam has ensured that the flooding of the Nile almost no longer exists and therefore the crops or harvesting of small plots and because of lack Nilschlamm were infertile, but now several times a year can be harvested. The traditionally most important product is the cotton. In addition, sugar cane, maize, rice, wheat, millet, potatoes, fruit and vegetables. Livestock production is due to the lack of permanent pasture to feed growing instructed. Cattle and buffalo are used as load and working animals, as well as sheep and goats next to the meat and milk production.
Forestry in Egypt
That in Egypt virtually no natural forests, there is more to a contract concluded on climate, on the other hand, in the urbanization. The rapid increase of population continues to call for a focus on food production.
Development
A very big problem in Egypt is the origin, and the purification of sewage effluent emerging. Due to the rapidly rising population, this problem has been increasing dramatically, as a percolation in the soil is problematic for the groundwater is. Due to lack of earth (this earth away present for example in Germany the water from sewage treatment plants and is nachgereinigt) seeps which, though pre-sewage into the aquifer and its quality substantially burdened.
End of the 80s were from the US-AID various projects. Focus here is in many projects, the installation of sewage systems and municipal waste water purification. Through these projects has been achieved until now, that urban neighborhoods with up to 70% to a public sewage system was. In rural areas, the disposal rate of less than 30%, in outdoor areas is even no sewage system.
In order to obtain the solids and oxygen-free treated wastewater is not or at least not completely into the floor to lead to huge reservoirs were created. In these, the treated wastewater to evaporate. But that is only partially possible because of the increasing development and installation of sewage artificial dam is by far not enough and its further expansion is wasteful and irrational.
Afforestation in Egypt
In the mid-90s was thought to show them around dams to create a flora, which work on the current waste water from the basin should be fed.
Thus in Luxor a plantation of 200 hectares. These could be large amounts of the purified waste water and thus had lead within a few years, a temporary solution. It appears now, however, that there is a lot of technology and experience needed to get the water before watering again to treat. Also, the installation of a closed irrigation system needed to Überwässerungen of plants to avoid. The ultimate goal must therefore be read together with politics, science and research and economic models to install, which sustained economically viable and of high quality.
Here are some important factors to consider. Thus, in the forest area of mixed cultures where economically feasible. The planting of energy crops or biomass, which in accordance with stored plant energy processes materials can be further processed, for this type of AF virtually ideal. This will always urgent need renewable raw materials produced without cycles or other resources to intervene.
In Germany, one valuable production space for food crops and occupy valuable water quality in drinking water wasted to the same result.
Crops
In the forestry sector are the preferred plant species Acacia (Acacia nilotica and Acacia saligna), Casuarina (Casuarina equisetifolia), Cupressus (Cupressus sempervirens) Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), African mahogany (Khaya senegalensis), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Pinus (Pinus pinea ) be.
These are already being tested, so that you can basically say that the reforestation will be successful.
In the energy crops jatropha (Jatropha curcas), Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) grown. Even with these types are already sufficient experience on the successful growth of plants on arid soils.
It should be systematic, scientifically sound and documented at all stages as well as on larger surfaces transferable series are created.
The main contents of this are:
1. Type of irrigation
In the plantation, it will be different types of plant type, which is the best type of irrigation can be found.
2. Distance between the tree rows
Due to the growth and harvesting of the following is an optimum spacing between the plants to be respected. This is the one depending on the species, on the other hand from the machine, what will the harvest can be brought.
3. Comparative seed and planting
It is to be tested, where the advantages and disadvantages of different types of planting seeds and seedlings are.
4. Effect of the growth of the plants by irrigation with purified sewage before
Due to the irrigation with treated wastewater before it is in a long-term observation to document the extent of long-term use of this water has an impact on the soil and the composition of the final product has.
5. Type, application, duration and quantity of irrigation
The type and quantity as well as the cycles of irrigation is available in various series to be documented so that the basis of a long-term documentation experience to be gained.
6. Compatibility of the various neighboring plants
It is important to investigate whether impairments / dislikes of various plants are those which are characterized by a lower growth could be felt.
7. Effect of different fertilizer types in relation to the growth of the plant
We must find out what the plants need fertilizer, or whether the exclusive before irrigating with treated effluent is sufficient to support the growth of plants to optimally promote.
8. Of plant breeding / finishing
In Nurseries is a re-breeding of plants, to enable growth, profitability, potential resistance, etc. to promote or reduce.
9. Simplifications cultivation / Investigation of possible techniques
Thanks to the afforestation of large areas, it is important that appropriate procedures, equipment and new technologies to develop and use to bring to the work easier and more efficient.
10. Care of plants
It is from practical experience to know what care is needed to ensure quality and growth of plants, taking into account the revenue to promote.
11. Harvesting machines with possible simplifications
As in the sowing and care must also be just at the time of harvest and transfer device ideal for testing new machines, which turn the work easier and more efficient vehicles.
12. Pressure and increase the oil percentage and fruit
An important economic aspect is to provide an optimum oil yield and fruit from the plants, therefore, are pressing to construct and test what it optimally meet.